McDonaldization Essay -- essays research papers

George Ritzer describes McDonaldization as the process by which the principles of the disruptive-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. McDonaldization is the idea that our society is becoming more efficient and more fast paced. Rational systems can be defined as unreasonable, dehumanizing systems that deny the humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within them or are served by them.1 Today at that place are many types of businesses that are increasingly adapting the same values and principles of the fast-food industry to their needs. Rational systems are dehumanizing our society and seem to be even more superstitious than convenient. Almost every aspect of todays society has been affected by McDonaldization including the restaurant business, education, work, healthcare, travel, leisure, dieting, politics and the family. McDonaldization is turning our society into one which is built upon las h-up and gaining the most for our money in the fastest way possible. The significant success of McDonalds, and of McDonaldization as a whole, is due to four basic elements- efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.(Ritzer, p.12) The first dimension of McDonaldization is efficiency. readiness means choosing the optimum means to a given end. Efficiency does have its advantages for both consumers, who get what they want quickly and with little effort, and for workers, who can perform their tasks...

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy :: Worls Philosophical Essays

Cosmology and Moral PhilosophyABSTRACT The universe as a whole can be shown to consist of two pieces the real creative activity and the transcendental world. The real world is a multitude of passing things in a gravitational field it is the world of nature, every whole of which is born (from the transcendental world), develops, degrades and dies (that is, it returns to the transcendental world). The transcendental world is the world of the integrated, nonpassing, unborn and undying, internally military operation Unity, which is the another(prenominal) side of the real world (so to speak) as roots to a tree and its branches in relation to the surface of the Earth. The fundamental science of the real world is theoretical physics. The transcendental world is withal a physical but energyless world. In this paper, I outline characteristics of the real world, and the basic characteristics of the transcendental world which are essential for constructing a theory about the functioning o f the cosmological vacuum. 1. Basic characteristics of the structure of the real worldThe real world of our universe one can present as consisting of the totality of the interconnected (through the cognize fundamental interactions) units of the nature, for example, photons, atoms, molecules, cells, living organisms, men, stars, galaxies and ets. Their materiality is shown, for example, in the outwards activity (the power), in which the units of nature come forward as integrated formations in the relation of other units of nature their spirituality, enlightened through the materiality, in the form (in order of the growth of the spirituality) of the inside activity (that is of the spontaneous transitions into their different states), in the form of the senseorganized unity ( modulate by any laws), of the soul, and of the spirit. Different units of nature have different degrees of the spirituality, which are shown in the spontaneity, statisticality, selforganization, freedom of the w ill and so on, therefore one can verbalise about corresponding spiritual aspects of any units of nature.The transcendental part of the universe exerts the influence on the inside activity of the units of nature through creation of the virtual(prenominal) states and virtual processes.The units of nature of a complicated structure have the central organizing element, functioning of which gives the selforganized integrity to on initial unit, and the loss of which means destruction of this material-spiritual unit of nature.The structureless (not disintegrated into elements) units of nature (for example, photons) can arise and melt only through their birth and destruction as a whole, while the structural units can arise and disappear in parts.

The Legalization Drugs Essay -- Drugs Legalization Health Essays

The Legalization Drugs The dawn of the twenty first century has ushered in a new age of optimism and wonder. Despite the proclamations of television, all is not in well in our part of the world. Our societies have succumbed to the modern holy war on drugs. world fought against our own citizens and citizens abroad, an international effort to eradicate drug production and use has undoubtedly failed leaving in its wake social unrest and political chaos. Assault, home crime, racial and economic marginalization, murder, corruption and numerous other undesirable things are burning through society fueled by the drug wars c older and atrocious policies. In addition to these problems there are the initial problems that drug users incur on themselves and society the same ones the drug war was supposed to eliminate. Prohibition is an old idea that is not practically attainable in a democratic society that values individual rights. Experiments with the prohibition of alcohol failed miserably and cost many people their lives. If the justification behind the drug war is human health and wellbeing, as governments would have us believe, then refraining from using the police to murder and shit on our citizens would be a good start to solving the problem. A form of regulated legalization of drugs would be a tolerant middle terra firma that recognizes the inevitability of drug use and strives to make it as safe as possible. Regulating the market for drugs and researching new psychoactives would lead to a safer drug experience. Legalizing would eliminate the exact for an invasive and brutal police surprise and halt the slow decline of our civil rights and liberties. With the strain of drug related policing removed, serious crimes could be given the resources they deserve. organise crime would lose its foothold in the world economy along with its influence and power. It is for these reasons and others that the we must wake up and reject the drug free utopia that we are bei ng force fed and speculate objectively about a society with realistic policies based on the facts, not vague moral convictions.An immediate effect of a legalized drug market would be increased safety for drug users. Adulterated drugs off the black market are responsible many unnecessary deaths. (www.dancesafe.org) Drugs created in clean environments subject to inspection and quality control would be far superior ... ...g/factbook/ecstasy.htm>http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/ecstasy.htmSpecial Report - Losing the War on Drugs Date accessed October 5/2000 <a href=http//www.ottawacitizen.com/drugs/>http//www.ottawacitizen.com/drugs/...Militarization of Drug Enforcement Date accessed September 13/2000 <a href=http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/military.htm>http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/military.htmPrisoners Date accessed September 13/2000 <a href=http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/prison.htm>http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/prison.htmSyringe Exchange Date accessed September 13/2000 <a href=http/ /www.cdsp.org/factbook/syringee.htm>http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/syringee.htmThe birth of a new generation Date accessed October 16/2000 <a href=http//www.opiods.com>http//www.opiods.comTreatment Date accessed September 13/2000 <a href=http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/treatmen.htm>http//www.cdsp.org/factbook/treatmen.htmTwelve Reasons to decriminalize Drugs Date accessed September 9/2000 <a href=http//www.erowid.org/psychoactives/policy/policy_writing1.shtml>http//www.erowid.org/psychoactives/policy/policy_writing1.shtml

Paul Simon?s The Sound of Silence :: essays research papers

Paul Simons The earphone of Silence A poem, like all other works of art, may wait as an inter-subjective truth, an intricate thread of images, a surreal yet realistic expression, and as a creative fact according to Virginia Woolf. In canon literature, a good poem is usually that which has fine structure, imagery, meaning and relevance an art, which has sprung out not only of personal necessities but out of socio-cultural quagmires. Paul Simons The vowelise of Silence transcends the mediocre. It creates a bombarding mood that runs through the whole text, thus, transforming the readers to a reality it is presenting. The poem starts with the use of a device called apostrophe (a figure of speech where one dialogue to or addresses an inanimate object). Here the I persona talks to his old friend. Hello darkness my old friend Ive come to talk with you once more Because a vision softly creeping Left its seeds while I was sleeping And the vision that was planted in my brain, still remain s Within the Sound of Silence Apparently, this is not the first time that the speaker talks with his old friend, darkness. He had had talks with it since a time unspecified, suggesting a perpetual moments of seclusion by the speaker. Talking with silence would mean solitude, loneliness if not ennui. The reason for this resort to solitude was a vision that keeps on bothering him. He was looking for solace which he found being alone no one seems to understand Him. Here we can see him regressinga defensive reaction of the human psyche to gimcrack away, by retreating to earlier stages of life, a threatening stimuli, which in this case is the vision. The seeds that was bequeathed to him while unaware symbolize a burgeoning message that will soon sprout in the fullness of time (Gal. 44). Nevertheless, it was still imprisoned within the sound of silence. In restless dreams I walked alone Narrow streets of cobblestones Beneath a aureole of a street lamp I turned my collar to the cold and damp When my eyes were stabbed by the flash of a neon light, That split the night And fey the Sound of Silence. The speaker dreams of escape from this listless weariness brought about by the creeping vision. He walked the narrow streets of cobblestones, symbolizing oppression as was suggested by the narrow-mindedness of a street made up of cobblestones, indicative of its ancientness, or the old ways.

The Four Functions of Management Essay example -- Business Management

The Four Functions of Management The four functions of management include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Each provide the basic principle needed in a company that is just starting or a company that has been established for many years. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals. Planning activities include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, find objectives, deciding in what types of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and business strategies, and determining the resources needed to achieve the organizations goals. Plans set the stage for action and for major achievements (Bateman, Snell, 43). At Pritchard Engineering, Inc., we are a service-oriented, not product, team that strives to provide the trump for our clients. Our staff department heads meet every Monday morning to discuss what projects we will be die harding on and completing for the upcoming week. We have a round-table countersign to prioritize what areas are most important to the least important. Organizing is assembling and coordinating the human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals. Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together t...

The Four Functions of Management Essay example -- Business Management

The Four Functions of Management The four functions of management include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Each extend the fundamentals needed in a company that is just starting or a company that has been established for many years. Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals. Planning activities include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, determining objectives, deciding in what types of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and railway line strategies, and determining the resources needed to achieve the organizations goals. Plans set the stage for action and for major achievements (Bateman, Snell, 43). At Pritchard Engineering, Inc., we are a service-oriented, not product, team that strives to appropriate the best for our clients. Our staff department heads meet every Monday morning to discuss what projects we will be working on and comple ting for the upcoming week. We have a round-table discussion to prioritize what areas are most important to the least important. Organizing is assembling and coordinating the human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals. Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, class jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together t...

Answering Questions on Keystone Corporation

Based on the Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Study, there is an uneven distribution of power and wealth in the Indian society, which is generally accepted by the Indians as a cultural norm (Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions India). Indians argon persevering, and are more receptive to unstructured ideas or occurrences, having less regulations and standards with which to subdue unexpected events (Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions India).Australians are generally individualists who make up a penchant for privacy (Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Australia). There is a higher train of equality between Australias tiers of society, spanning between families, organizations and even the government (Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Australia).North Ameri faecal matters, belonging to the category of United States, have one of the highest individualism traits yet have greater equality between social levels, and hold the highest regard for cultural differences (Geert Hofstede Cultur al Dimensions United States). Americans appreciate fewer rules and do not try to control all events and outcomes (Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions United States).Friction in the Keystone set-up is predictable, made up of the easy-going Indians, the individualistic Americans, and the private Australians.2. In any global company that is planning to unify its cipherforce, there are four global drivers for engagement(a) The nature of the job itself and the opportunities for growth.Keystone has to ensure that the work environment is healthy with lots of team work, keep and camaraderie. Employees are comfortably compensated and motivated.(b) Confidence in the companys leadership.To obtain the confidence of its workforce, a company must have leaders that act and work in accordance with established company goals and visions, and earmark resources that support those values.(c) Recognition and rewardsEven though just compensation and regular, earned bonuses are not exactly drivers, they should be conceptualized to motivate the workforce and enhance a healthy competition within the organization. Non-monetary rewards such as recognition is effective in morale-boosting within a company.(d) organisational communicationThere should be consistent open channels of communication, wherein information is released from top management in an organized and systematic way. Communication should be enhanced by dialogues, well-favored and taking of feedback and an open-door policy for management. Leaders should take the initiative inthis particular driver.3. Within this Global Project are two of the most contrasting personalities the German and the Indian. Nevertheless, to prevent conflict in the organization, I will closely study the personas of the several(predicate) races. I will focus on the similarities, and work on managing the cultural differences.The Americans and the Germans have high levels of individuality, thus I can use them for the marketing side of my Project. The Indians will be best for customer service, because of their easy-going nature and lower security deposit for rules and regulations.I can also employ the Germans to spearhead the finance sector of the business, where strictness is appreciated. The Americans and Indians will make up the largest part of the organization, which is operations. Both have perseverance in their natures, and would easier adapt to new work environments and adjust to each other as well. The Americans and Indians would be more receptive to occasional changes in the organization, and will work well with less friction.The Indians will be on my Public Relations team, and if I could get a female for the part, the better. She will have a good disposition, unadulterated for dealing with clients, and would be more competitive than her male countryman.In the world we live in especially if one is operating a business amply understanding the cultural peculiarities, quirks and traits of the workforce can spell the di fference between success and failure. To foster harmony in a multi-cultural organization, one must view that even minor considerations like time may be perceived in different ways by different cultures. In most easterly and African culture, friendship and relationships are more important than time. Hence, one does not run away from a friend to make it on time for work. It is different in the West.It would be best to integrate into the organization, team-building activities wherein employees who work in close proximity are encouraged to know each other on a more personal level. Thus, friction is minimized and mutual respect is fostered.Thus, to have an effective organization, top management must study the cultural traits of the employees, in particular, with respect to politics and diplomacy, religion, social values and cultural traditions. Though this, management can determine which areas of the business a person is best suited, and top management can also devise ways of keeping th eir people happy, motivated and productive.Works CitedHofstede, Geert. Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions. The Netherlands1967 2003.

Short Essay on My Favorite Teacher

Poverty is one of the most brutal and threatening curse on all nation which restrains it from prospering. So it is very much important for any state to get rid of this fuss as soon as possible sooner it gets more severe and dangerous. Pakistan is as well one of those unfortunate countries which are going through this problem big time and are be hurt by it very devastatingly. Poverty is basalally when the people do non have the access to basic necessities of life.The economist of the countries decides one line which is known as the scantiness line and the one who falls below this poverty line are being considered poor. Poverty is on its peak when it comes to the Asian Countries and most importantly when it comes to the subcontinent. India being so advanced, modernized and developed is still having barriers of poverty and is one of those countries where the poverty is on its peak. Pakistan is also feeling the heat from this curse and poverty in Pakistan is also very much high.T here are so many reasons which have contributed in this cause when we analyze the economic condition of Pakistan. The extreme terrorism, natural disasters, political mental unsoundness and high inflation has played its vital role in making this poverty dragon more giant and devastating. When people are considered to be under(a) poverty, this is the major issue. In Pakistan there are more than 37% people who fall below the poverty line that means their daily earning is less than 2 dollars which curbs them less than 60 Dollars a month.The people on Pakistan are being considered poor when they are unable to get access and advantage form the basic necessities of life. These basic necessities include food, education, cloth and shelter. If an individual does not have good food to eat, or he dont have such resources to make his children study and provide them education, if he dont have good and new clothes to wear and at the same time he does not have shelter or roof over his head is co nsidered as poor and is being rated below the poverty line in Pakistan.Once the poverty increases it gives stick out to several correlated problems and social issues. If the basic necessities of life are beyond the reach of people than they will surely adopt and select illegal and wrong way of earning that might include begging, theft, stealing and even robbery. This effects the law and order situation of the country. So it is very much important to address this problem of poverty on high priority so that it should be resolved before it becomes the national issue

Hca/210 Final Project Wk 9

My Proposal for a New Health Care System Alyssa Zacharias HCA/210 litigate 28, 2010 Joan Lewis pcutparagraph_to_cut A vision for a new health dole out corpse would be guaranteed affordable health care to all Americans. Our medical care is good, just now the system which the care is financed is extremely inefficient, unfair, and extremely bad. Americans remain uninsured, due to the high cost of health care coverage, not just to the family finances, but to corporate Americans bottom line as well.The United States spends much more share of its economy on health care than any other nation, and stock-still has failed Americans with the one thing that health insurance is suppose to support health security. To avoid recurring dismissal of previous campaigns, this new health care system give provide a successful agenda taken seriously the political constraints, and organizational realities that have hamstrung reform efforts in the past.This system will pattern on the most popular el ements of the present structure (Medicare and employment-based health insurance) making changes that are self-reinforced, straightforward, and guaranteed health security. ( Hacker, S. Jacob, January 11, 2007) My new health care system will hyperbolize coverage, create better incentives for quality and efficiency, and link health insurance to individuals, rather than to their place of employment. It will be guided with personal responsibility for ones own health as well as being ensured the health and welfare of all our citizens.It would make health insurance mandatory for all U. S. citizens, fling subsidies to help defray the cost of subsidys. Our American citizens would benefit the most from this new health care system. A failure to act rising health care costs will jeopardize our publics health and undercut out international competitiveness. A failure to make affordable health changes lendable to our Americans who are currently uninsured is morally indefensible. If we use this new health care system, we will be lowering the health care costs and the premium costs of medication.This will accommodate the needs of all American citizens, with low income or no income that have little or no health coverage at all. (Nichols, Len, July 2007) My new health care system would not have any existing populations with disadvantages, there would be an affordable plan for all American citizens, and this new system would leave no individual uninsured. Each American citizen will have coverage for their medical and medication needs, with affordable premium plans to suit their budgets.This new proposal would solve current challenges such as 1) access to health care- the first major challenge, people being uninsured are little likely to receive appropriate care, for such things as chronic illnesses, and are more likely to die from diseases. 2) cost- the evidence suggests that the cost of health care in the United States is greater than necessary to allow us to achieve the le vels of health and longevity we now enjoy. Insurance companies and the government play such prominent roles in financial health care, patients and doctors have less incentive to consider the extra costs of optional tests or treatments.Taking on this fist challenge we will take in consideration that the uninsured are not all alike they include people, who have low income, people who are not deplorable but have costly health conditions, those employed but dont get offered an group health insurance. Taking on the second challenge, could be the challenge hard to overcome. Increasing access or improving quality, may increase rather than reduce total cost. Patients, doctors, and hospitals must be given incentives for choosing cost-efficient approaches.The best way to reduce the financial burdens in our health care system is to deliver cost-effective health care throughout the entire system. like a shot with the diversity of people, companies cant create just one benefits program that m eets everyones needs. The employer decides how much money it will allot per employee for the year for benefits once that consider is assigned the employees can research and compare the costs of various health insurance options. (Bernanke, S. Ben, June 16, 2008) In conclusion this new health care system would provide affordable and reliable health care for every American.This would also provide the much needed coverage for those who need it the most. Having health coverage for every American would also cut down on the amount of people who wait to see a doctor until they are too ill, who then have to go into the emergency room, which then costs the health care system and government more money. (Bernanke, S. Ben, June 16, 2008) http//www. federalreserve. gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20080616a. htm (Hacker, S. Jacob, January 11, 2007) http//sharedprosperity. org/bp180. html (Nichols, Len, July 2007) http//www. newamericannet/publications/policy/sustainable_health_system_all_americans

Biyaheng Edsa Essay

In February 23, 1986, 2 million of Filipinos gathered 4 old age along Epifanio delos Santos Avenue, more popularly known as EDSA, but in 1959 it is called as Highway 54. 25 years later, the multitude palliate converges on EDSA either day, comprising a vibrant complex entity of society. In 2006, Howie Severino and his I-Witness team walked along the length of EDSA to see what they might learn about how Filipinos have fared in the 20 years since the People author I. Bago pa nagging rebolusyon, Highway lamang ang EDSA, thus Howie Severinos voice over on his documentary about the former Highway 54, although I watched many episodes of I-Witness and it create a chord that strikes me. I prefer Howie Severinos Biyaheng EDSA, not only because of its storytelling and technical aspect, but also the significance of our own refining by presenting the Peoples index I and how Filipinos succeed. The documentary starts with Howie at Monumento Circle in Caloocan asking different people how to g o to EDSA by walking, without expressive style of transportation.And at Balintawak, where the Katipunans Cry of Revolt in 1896, is historically remembered, he sarcastically pointed our concept of freedom by connecting it to our Freedom, he pointed to his documentary on how we erroneously view our freedom, by doing unscrupulous deeds like taking drugs and hurting (each) others and he seriously pointed or tell to the audience, on whether the 1986 People Power is a revolution or just a revolt.Along the way, Howie meet different characters of people including the group of rugby boys, a poet and former political detainee, and a Muslim, whose unsure if EDSA was inclusive of all the Filipino, because the Muslim woman pointed out that in the word Filipino theres a letter missing which is I so, she say that how we proved the we are Filipino if the word Filipino was not finish upd.And when Howie arrived at Munoz, he zooms in, the SM City North EDSA, which is the first mall of its mannikin in the Philippines and touches the prevailing mall culture in our country. And one thing should never forget as they feature on EDSA, because it would not be complete without a take on the MRT, the documentary shows each story that state of their live, as a reflection of the Philippines 20 years after EDSA I.And relay to this documentary from one of the topic on social dimension which is the Chapter III, Intercultural communication, because the documentary Biyaheng EDSA shows the significance of our culture especially in communication because as Howie Severino discussed on how People Power I succeed, Id notice that even in past, communication is the way or instrument of 2 million Filipinos to won the revolution without (being) argument flowed and weapons that might hurt other because they communicate clearly and they show their wants for the freedom of Philippines even though we have a different beliefs and cultural background still the aim is there we will be successfully won. And as long as we have communication there is no misunderstanding, rivalry and breakdowns. So as our generation pass, we will continuously passing the right communication, because the holistic part of being communicated is to avoid misunderstanding and breakdowns.

The Microenvironment Essay

The CompanyNike is the predecessor of good-for-nothing Ribbon Sports company, founded by Phil Knight in 1964, for the answer of importing sports shoes cheap lacquerese brand in the U.S. market Onizuka. Knight is teamed with Bill Bowerman, a running coach of the University of Oregon, later to become experts excogitation the most innovative sports shoes of Nike, the Nike contributed to a global brand output signal in the market of sports shoes.1950sPhil Knight and Bill Bowerman meet1960sBlue Ribbon Sports (BRS) was made and founded by Phil Knight The popular Cortez aka Dope Mans argon made in Japan1970sThe Swoosh logo is created by Carolyn Davidson for $35.00The initiative Nike model shoe to hit the retail market is a soccer/football shoe A Promo Nike Tee becomes the archetypal appargonl itemThe illustrious Waffle flight simulator is presentmentduced, which becomes the best selling shoe in the US Nikes racing and training spiked shoe is made called the Elite Factories for manu facturing are sterilize up in Korea and TaiwanFor the first time Nike shoes are sold in AsiaBlue Ribbon Sports changes their company name to Nike Inc.The first Nike running shoe with a air sole system to come out is the Tailwind World Headquarters are opened in Beaverton, Oregon1980sNike talks with the P.R. of China so they can produce shoes there Nike shoes become Canadas top sellerNike shoes are straight produced in 11 countriesThe famous NIKE AIR Air Force 1 and Air Ace make their introduction Over 200 shoes are now in Nikes footwear lineThe first high performance kids running shoe is called the Destiny The Air Jordan makes its way to Nike footwear line upThe Sock Racer comes out and is part of the Dynamic-Fit technology The first Air MaxThe first Cross TrainerThe famous Just Do It slogan comes to lifeThe first model to combine the footbridge device and Air Sole is the Air Stab empale Lees Mars Blackmon character helps promote the third style of Air Jordan Bo Jacksons Bo Knows commercials include the Just Do It slogan Nike moves to a new World Campus in Beaverton1990sThe new World Campus sits on 74 acres with 570,000 square feet. In Portland, Oregon the first Nike Town opensThe intro of the Air Huarache running shoeThe intro of the Air MowabbNike Town opens in ChicagoCharles Barkley first signature shoe is introducedThe intro of the Run crack shoeNike Town opens in Atlanta and Orange CountyThe intro of dual pressure cushioning in the Air MaxNike gets distribution rights in Korea and JapanThe intro of Zoom Air technologyNike Town New York opensThe Air Penny comes to life2000s2000 The National Football League declines to renew its undivided apparel licensing arrangement with Nike.2001 Nike opens its first Nike Goddess store, a unit targeting women, in Newport Beach, CA. 2003 Nike purchases Converse Inc. for $ 305 million.2008 Nike acquired sports apparel supplier Umbro,2009 Air Jordan Shoe2010 Nike Future Sole Design challengerSuppliersThe major supplie r of Nike put on 10 countries China, Indonesia, VN, Thailand, India, Turkey, Morocco, Mexico, Honduras, and Brazil Nike signed contract with factories producing over 40 national, the majority of Nike shoes are manufactured in China (35%) Vietnam (29%), Indonesia (21%) and Thailand (13%) Nike just put a business relationship with the factory when they reach the standards of product quality, price, delivery time and the CSR standards. Deals with plants through Coc Nike will refuse orders if the producer does not show cooperative attitude in the selection process LOGO Company . Collaboration with established carriers Clean Cargo Group Nike has set a policy not enter the skin of cattle raised in the Amazon rainforest. Nike contract factories manufacturing overseas to outsourcing shoe production to reduce production costs Nike launched this Code of Conduct, the monitoring tool developed comprehensive LOGO Company Manufacturers independent of contract manufacturing in 49 countries Most o f the garment factories hardened in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey.Marketing IntermediariesFlyknit were promised will bring many another(prenominal) benefits to the company than just 1 huge success single products with distribution of goods are diverse Reseller at the present in the Vietnam, Nike products are distributed to many stores in the shopping mall as Parkson, Vincom, Cresent mall or open own shop and have more(prenominal) branches across the country that are convenient for customers. The consumers can consult Nike Flyknit at home by online and then just one click they can take on whatever they want or they can go any store in the nearest for trying, which helps them to save a lot of money and time . personal distribution firms Nike use all three forms of transportation, including air like a plane, road and waterway as the container and ships.However the main vehicles transportation uses to distribute the Nike Flyknit stores everyplace is the container M arketing services agencies denote contributes in no small part to the success of a product and the Nike Flyknit too. customers want to know the new products, the Nike has stepped up advertising in different ways with the aim to know customers as quickly as possible. at the Nike store in Hong Kong, they established sports club for people who complete jogging and is recommended by the Nike sports shoes thenthey talk to each other about the quality of the Nike products, which is also one of the way are the most productive help Nike to be easy to penetrate into market. Beside that, Nike understands the influence of athletes with customers so they cooperate with athletes in many different sports that attracted more attention of customers. Not only that, Nike fire in popularity of the internet should have used a number of social networking sites to promote their products because this is one of the most convenient and fastest. CustomersConsumer markets Nike customer is the directed to athletes with different genres, students or individuals who have favorite sports as jogging or hiking. With prices around $ 80 accordance with those with high income or affluent Business markets this is also a say-so market for Nike. Centers and sports training professional athletes and famous football clubs have the ability to buy Nike products for use in the process of training for their athletes. CompetitorsIn recent years, as the needs of advanced consumer products cater to sports as they used many brands of sports was born. besides, there are many other products similar to Nike Flyknit, so they are facing many challenges with other brands. in fact, Nike does not compete with the well-known foreign brands such as Adidas or Puma but also face to domestic goods or counterfeit Nike products imported from China PublicsThis part plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of the brand. A few years ago, the media reported the crap about business ethic, which was not good for Nikes images in the public heart. According to Braddock (2011), the factories that Nike has signed a contract with have the poor working conditions for workers, figure out and pay them a pittance wages. Nikes leaders ignored this fact and claimed that it is beyond their competence, because the factories they contract with are not formally part of the company. Nike started entering Vietnam market since 1995 and retains its limit in the community until now. However, the unfortunate scandal has damaged the reputation of Nike in the world as well as in Vietnam.

Personalized assistive technology plan

In my class, there are students from five socio-economic classs, with differing requirements. We only cave in one computer, shared by students who each need it for 6-7 hours a week. I would (a) increase the amount of time of visual learning keeping in brainiac the special needs of some students (b) like to incorporate more interactive learning into curriculum work that should reduce the tedium of books and increase more absorb and (c) with more computer time available per student, encourage them to acquire new skills through the PC.I would present my plan to the principle, and request the help oh (Mike) my 4th grade colleague, to install and start the various new programs.Wish list , justification and approximate budget, in the order I would like them 1. New Multi-user Pentium Dual-Core PC 1.6 GHz, 1.5 GB RAM, good graphics accelerator and sound card (estimated $ 700) and large 22 inch flat-panel monitor ( estimated $ 200). This should be used primarily for multimedia programs f or visual learning, con DVD movies on various educational themes, phonics, language learning, my teacher training programs, assistive software for special education. Mike needs to connect this to the internet as well transfer a few older files/software. I shake up to discuss it with the Principal.(Being multi-user in design, it will be much cheaper to create additional station in future, by just adding extra monitors and keyboards. In the future, as school work will become more and more computer based its a low cost investment for the future).2. Additional headset, special needs keyboard ( one child struggles on our current one), and multipoint electrical outlet as we have none spare at the moment estimated cost ($ 90) could ante up out of my own budget, hardly could try the School Budget too.3. Educational, Assistive (Visual) and games software(a) Phonics software to cover all grades in my class- Phonics plus Five, seen the demo, would help at least half the children (spelli ng, grammar, reading, sounds etc). Package contains workbooks, which can be copied for multiple use. Normal price $ 250, but can get large academic discount plus multiple licenses discount on top. Got to discuss with principal, as I need her permission on the educational policy aspect too.(b) MathWhizz online subscription ($ 39.99 per month or $ 360 per year) Maths is definitely the most boring subject for most kids in my class, and improving maths grades is a priority. No free online resource for schools identified . For all other subjects, we are okay at present, but Math needs special attention. Got to discuss with principal.( c) Spanish language software Three children have requested this, as part of their extracurricular plans, at a basic level only. ($ 25 only, will pay from class budget as it is not linked to core school curriculum).(d) Games I have asked all children to submit their choice of games as usual (every 3 months), and the top two titles I selected this time to cover geography and new puzzles. I have not agreed on online games for their addictive potential, and it is worth consumption the $ 40 or so every 3 months. Principal agrees, though could pay from my class budget too.(e) Webcam and microphone not a priority, sometime later(prenominal) this year. More schools are linking up for online conferences. I will speak to Mike first about requirements before budgeting. I will update the plan in 6 months. Sd/- Nancy Choi February 15, 2008.

Lecture Notes for Bio 106

Reproductive roles manful persons excogitate is to get the spermatozoonatozoan cubicleatozoon to the junkie The sperm ar narrow low-spirited to deliver the males divisors to the orb Females job is to crap a gamete ( glob) containing the young-bearing(prenominal)s genes Egg is specialized to nourish the embryo Egg is great(p) and contains nutrients Egg moldiness be crusaded along Female must also nourish and shelter the embryo and fetus This is the job of the womb Male reproductive strategy Produce millions of gametes and hope that peerless makes it to the egg Female reproductive strategy Invest heavily in whizz gamete and nourish and foster it Egg booth (Ovum 1 retroflex each chromosome) sperm kiosk Cell (1 copy of each chromosome) myosis (a type of electric boothular ph single fragment that begins with a carrel with 2 copies of each chromosome and ends with 4 booths with 1 copy of each chromosome) FERTLIZATION (Fusion of Egg and Sperm nuclei creates a cubicle with 2 copies of each chromosome) Zygote ( prison booth pee-peeed by fusion of egg and sperm has 2 copies of each chromosome lead develop into unsanded individual) Ovary (in female) Testis (in male) 1 Gonads a. Testes in male b. Ovaries in females 1. roduce gametes Male = sperm Female = ovum or egg conglutination zygote sore individual 2. set rancid shake internal secretions seeosterone o ooestrogen + progesterone Male Reproductive corpse Testes located in scrotum why? sperm enduret know well at proboscis temperature is 3-4o F precooled temp kept constant by reflex how? pass through the inguinal great dealal forwards origin hole commonly closed oer with connective create from raw material possible problems 1. cryptorchidism chastening of the testes to descend if non corrected, results in sterility corrected by surgery or by administering endocrine glands 2. inguinal hernia inguinal back toothal does not completely close intestine may push into sp ring correct with surgery more than common in men but may occur in women Inside Testes 1. eminiferous tubules virtu solelyy 1000 site where sperm are god by a process called spermatogenesis produce 100 million+ sperm each sidereal day from puberty until death spermatogenesis A. takes billet in an refined progression from the step forwardside edge of seminiferous tubule to inside (lumen) B. involves changes in transmissible in contouration and changes in the mannikin and functioning of booth sperm carry fathers contagious contribution to next military issue em personate cells ready 2 copies of each chromosome (1 from Mom & 1 from Dad) gametes (egg or sperm) sewer chip in moreover 1 copy of each chromosome meiosis = the type of cell cleavage that produces gametes 1 cell with 2 copies of each chromosome Meiosis spermatogenesis 4 cells with 1 copy of each chromosome Sperm Structure 2 designed to deliver males genetic contribution to next generation 1.Head contains ma les genetic contribution to next generation al al nigh all nucleus 2. Acrosome a sac containing enzymes to will give up the sperm to digest the divulgeer layers around egg so sperm nucleus eject sink egg nucleus 3. Mitochondria energy to fuel the trip to egg 4. Tail (or flagellum)has con parcel of landile fibers for motility allows the sperm to swim to egg 2. interstitial cells produce male shake hormone testosterone Still in bollock between seminiferous tubules Beginning at puberty these cells secrete testosterone They are touch to secrete testosterone by LH, a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland LH (from anterior pituitary) reorganizes the pardon of testosteroneHORMONES chemical substance messengers produced by certain glands and unloadd into the fall hormone reaches all cells only if cells with a receptor for that hormone throne respond a cell responds by doing what that cell does it s shovel in appoint it might produce a chemical it might augmen t rate of certain chemical re executes so hormones adopt divers(prenominal) make on variant cells cells without receptors for that hormone understructurenot respond 3 Cell 1 (with receptor) Effect 1 Cell 2 (with receptor) Effect 2 Hormone Into blood supply throughout body Cell 3 (with receptor) Effect 3 Cell 4 (no receptor) No Effect Testosterone ca accustoms out move aroundth of male reproductive instrument sperm maturation guerillaary sex characteristics sex drive (in part) Possible problems with testes Testicular crabby person roughly common in males 25-30 yrs. more common if testes did not descend aft(prenominal)(prenominal) 6 yrs. may be hereditary usually does not ca routine pain Practice self exam Feel for wasted lump Best done after a hot shower Sperm next envision a outline of tubes to store and transport sperm 1. pididymis tube about 20 feet long stores sperm sperm mature here, sperm change size and shape, metabolism changes, sperm change state capable of p itiful but dont yet. sperm hitd along by peristalsis (a wave of muscle contraction) 2. vas deferens sperm duct conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra 3. urethra conducts sperm to outside of body, also conducts urine but never at analogous conviction Accessory Glands 1. Bulbourethral glands mucous secretion just before ejaculation lubri brush offt? Buffers to adjust pH of urethra 2. Prostate gland secretes fluid, milky color alkaline activates sperm counteracts acidity of female reproductive tract Possible problems with prostate 1. enlarges in older men difficulty urinating & mitigated bladder volume 2. rostate crabmeat grows slowly groundwork stretch detected by rectal exam and blood test for prostate busyized antigen (prostate specialized antigen) 4 3. Seminal vesicles make up most of the volume of semen secretion plausibly nourishes sperm (contains fructose, vitamin C, amino acids, prostaglandins) Result = semen Semen secretions of accessory glands and sperm about 1 tsp. per ejaculation, about 20 % sperm Functions transport sperm lubricate bridle-paths nourish sperm decrease acidity of female reproductive tract Penis Functions transfer sperm to female conducts sperm outside body makement is enlarged = glans appendage (rich in sensory endings) Mechanism of erection 3 columns of spongy waver arteries widen ? increment blood delivery veins close down blood accumulatesErectile Dysfunction = Impotence inability to achieve or maintain an erection common problem more possible causes both physical and frantic drugs now available to help a man hold up an erection when he is sexually stirred up (e. g. Viagra, Cialis, Levitra) These inhibit the breakdown of the neurotransmitter that causes the arteries in penis to dilate arteries are dilated longer increases and prolongs blood bring ining the penis ? erection Female Reproductive cast of characters gonads = 2 ovaries 1. produce egg or ova (singular = ovum) egg is specialized to propose nou rishment for azoic embryo large cell practiced of nutrients 2. produce female hormones estrogen progesterone Female also nourishes and protects the developing embryo and fetus = job of the uterus 5 ovarian Cycle = series of events in the ovary that leads to production of egg, estrogen & progesterone 1. ollicle maturation primary follicle = an immature egg surrounded by a layer of follicle cells as follicle matures the immature egg gets larger follicle cells divide and form many layers around egg follicle cells secrete estrogen mature follicle egg completes first meiotic partitioning layers of follicle cells splits forming a central cavity fill up with fluid containing estrogen egg pushed to side with layer of follicle cells 2. ovulation = surrender of immature egg from ovary egg released with layer of follicle cells around it rest of follicle cells stay in ovary 3. lead luteum forms from follicle cells be in ovary corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesteroneOVARY primary follicle (immature egg surrounded by follicle cells) mature follicle (many layers of follicle cells, fluid filled cavity, egg surrounded by follicle cells) after ovulation follicle cells hold oning in ovary be deal corpus luteum estrogen progesterone egg 1. estrogen maturation of egg development and maintenance of reproductive mental synthesiss cell division thickens ocean liner of uterus also occurs in titty tissue secondary sex characteristics pubic hair armpit hair broader pelvis mamilla development 2. progesterone prepares uterus for egg implantation maintains gestation 6 Oogenesis = the process by which an egg (ovum) is formed Meiosis starts with a cell that has 2 copies of every chromosome ends with up to 4 cells with 1 copy of every chromosome 1 egg (ovum) and 3 non functional polar bodies IN FEMALES MEIOSIS IS non A CONTINUOUS PROCESS Preparations begin efore birth in all electric voltage eggs Then development stops Beginning at puberty, 1 egg continues to the next symbolise of development The egg is ovulated (released from the ovary) Meiosis is completed ONLY if the egg is fertilized) Number of ova At puberty potential for about 400,000 eggs Usually 1 each month develops in each monthly bike (if 2 form and both are fertilized get fraternal twins) total egg production 450 eggs in flavour-timetime menopause rest of potential eggs have set downd Oviducts (Fallopian tubes tubes that conduct the egg to the uterus takes about 3 eld open end enlarged and fringed change magnitude surface subject for catching egg cilia line uterine tubes to help move egg along fertilization usually in upper third of oviduct ectopic pregnancy usually a tubal pregnancy early embryo implants and begins development at site former(a)wisewise than uterus usually in Fallopian tube (oviduct) wild to mother must be terminated Uterus provides nourishment & protects the developing embryo and fetus A. neck opening tubular portion the extends into vagina has opening through which sperm enter and baby breathe outs B. consistency region in which fetus develops 1.Endometrium lining site where embryo implants built up each month cell division makes it thicker becomes more vascular (more blood vass) glands develop that provide nutritious material then lost as menstrual fluid ( womanhood gets her period) 2. muscle allows uterus to expand as fetus grows 60X bigger at full term pregnancy 7 provides force to push baby out Possible problems with uterus 1. pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) any bacterial infection of pelvic organs especially uterus, oviducts, ovaries may interruption (peritonitis) may be painful or chronic may have no symptoms often renders oviduct scarred so that fertility is reduced and the essay of ectopic pregnancy is increased treated with antibiotic drugs most commonly ca utilize by sexually transmitted bacteria the bacteria that cause gonorrhea and chlamydia 2.Cervical crabmeat involves outer surface of cervix det ect with PAP test happen factors - recounting at an early age -multiple sex renders associated with certain STDs peculiar(prenominal)ly the HPV ( human papilloma computer virus) that causes genital warts use of safety devices and/or diaphragm decreases happen Vagina 3 muscular passageway to uterus elastic expands to allow baby through possible problem with vagina vaginitis most commonly barm ( canfuldida albicans) not usually sexually transmitted not from poor hygiene bacteria in the vagina produce acid Anything that belt downs the bacteria or makes the vagina less acidic allows yeast to grow ? vaginitis Clitoris Derived from same embryological structure as the glans penis Becomes engorged with blood during sexual excitement No cognize function other than pleasure 8Menstrual or Uterine Cycle the endometrium (uterine lining) is built up to nourish the embryo and then it breaks down and is lost as menstrual flow it is a cycle ca utilize by interplay of hormones want the u terus gain to receive embryo if there is one the ovarian cycle that produces the egg must be interconnected with the uterine cycle that prepares the uterus done by same hormones Hormones of the menstrual cycle OVARY estrogen from follicle cells in ovary and later from corpus luteum maturation of egg cell division in endometrium (uterine lining) cell division in breast tissue Progesterone from corpus luteum further development of endometrium maintains endometrium ANTERIOR PITUITARY FSH follicle bear on hormone stimulates development of follicle LH luteinizing hormone formation of corpus luteum from follicle cells remaining in ovary maintains corpus luteum ostracize Feedback X? Y hormone X leads to an increase in hormone Y Y? X hormone Y causes decrease in hormone X when hormone X aims fall, less hormone Y produced less hormone Y means less inhibition of hormone X hormone X increases and stimulates release of hormone Y IN GENERAL FSH & LH stimulate release of estrogen and pr ogesterone estrogen and progesterone inhibit release of FSH & LH BUT quick rise in estrogen triggers LH release LH causes corpus luteum to form and secrete estrogen and progesterone corpus lutuem degenerates estrogen and progesterone levels drop (removes inhibition of FSH) 9Negative feedback in menstrual cycle petty(a) levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the release of FSH (and LH) from anterior pituitary FSH stimulates estrogen release by follicle cells in ovary Estrogen (and progesterone) inhibit FSH (and LH) release FSH and LH levels drop Estrogen and progesterone levels drop if the egg is fertilized corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone from the embryo called human chorionic gonadotropic (HCG) hormone for about 5 months the corpus luteum secretes progesterone levelnta eventually takes over progesterone secretion progesterone is geted to maintain endometrium if progesterone secretion stops there is a stillbirth Menopause considered to have occurred when there is no period for 1 year follicles in ovary spontaneously degenerate eggs no longer produced ends child-bearing years estrogen & progesterone no longer produced in ovary occurs most often between 4555yrs. occurs gradually Perimenopause = time leading up to menopause Symptoms hot flashes & dizziness distension of arteries in top half of body may be irritable headaches fatigue physical changes trim drier & less elastic ? wrinkles breasts decrease in size might be change in distribution of hair osteoporosis decrease in machinate density NEED NOT CHANGE cozy DESIRE 10Estrogen DESIRABLE EFFECTS Brain poses sweeps that prepare for reproduction maintains stable body temperature may protect memory Breast Breast programs glands promotes breast to produce milk cancer Liver & Heart helps regulate cholesterol production hold opens atherosclerosi s Uterus Uterus programs uterus to promotes nourish fetus cancer of cell division in endometrium endometrium NEGATIVE EFFECTS Estrogens Effect on rise ivory maintains density causes atomic number 20 to be absorbed from gut promotes calcium deposit in bones Osteoporosis decrease in bone density calcium salts make bone hard bones are unendingly remodeled built up & broken down in reception to stress (weight or blackmail) until age 35 more build up than break down peak bone density influenced by sex race size nutrition example that puts weight on bones overall health Bone Formation Blood level Of calcium atomic number 20 in Bone 11Bone Breakdown Diet influences level of calcium in blood good sources of calcium milk and milk products (choose low fat) dark colour vegetables nuts seeds Weight-bearing exercise stimulates bone formation in the bones that are stressed by the exercise walking jogging calcium levels are regulated by hormones calcitonin from thyroid gland causes calcium to be put into bones parathyroid hormone from parathyroid glands causes calcium to be removed from bone estrogen helps absorption of calcium from digestive system stimulates bone formation After menopause estrogen levels greatly decrease Bone Formation Calcitonin Estrogen Blood level Of calcium Calcium in BoneThe Breast Function To produce milk to nourish the young Structure The breast is collected almost entirely of fatty tissue and milk glands milk glands are called lobules each gland drains into a system of ducts these empty into a collecting chamber below nipple several ducts collect into one duct ducts drain through nipple Possible Problems 1. Premenstrual attachment breast tissue is wide-awake each month along with egg and endometrium Estrogen causes cell division in breast tissue Progesterone causes increase in glandular activity Increase in blood supply to breast swelling and tenderness Parathyroid Hormone Bone Breakdown Bone Formation 12 2. fibrocystic breast unhealthiness (disorder) an exaggeration of monthly changes in breast tissue built up tissue is not completely reabsorbed and forms cysts feels like m any lumps in breast 3. fibroadenoma noncancerous lump in breast usually in upper & outer quarter-circle small moveable lump 4. reast cancer will return to this after discussion of cancer 13 genus Cancer = uncontrolled cell division Cancer cells kill by depriving other cells of nutrients preventing other cells from performing their duties blocking important pathways (air, blood, nerve) Cells divide Tumor Benign tumor stay in one place not cancer Malignant tumor cancer, cells spread (metastasize) multiple tumors form in other parts of body usually spread via blood vessels or lymphatic system In healthy person cell division is regulated Cell Cycle = the orderly installment of events in the life of a dividing cell G1 cell emersion (G1 checkpoint is the cell large enough to divide? S (synthesis) genetic material (desoxyribonucleic acid of chromosomes) is duplicated G2 growth and final preparations for cell division (G2 checkpoint is the DNA replicated? ) Cell division Mitosis nucleus divides Cytoplasm divides produces two daughter cells Normal controls on cell growth regulate cell division to allow growth and replacement 14 Cancer cells escape controls Normal controls 1. Genes regulate the cell cycle GENE carries the instruction manual for do a protein PROTEIN has a job in the cell it might form (part of) a structure it might be regulatory = determine whether a certain cellular process will occur mutation = change in the genes information changes the instructions for the protein the new protein might not function or might function differently Normal Controls on Cell Division 1.Genes regulate the cell cycle proto-oncogene normal form of a gene that produces specific proteins that stimulate the cell cycle for growth and repair acts like accelerator about 60 known if other controls were faulty it would enhance the growth of a tumor tumor-suppresser gene normal form of a gene that produces specific proteins that slow the cell cycle proteins stop cell cy cle at one of the checkpoints acts like brakes Normal Genetic Controls on Cell Division tumorprotosuppressor oncogene gene slows stimulates cell division mutations in these cell cycle genes can cause the cell to lose control over cell division Cancer oncogene = mutant protooncogene over stimulates cell division = stuck accelerator can help induce cancer dominant mutation only need 1 of the 2 copies to be mutant mutant tumor-suppressor gene impairs ability to slow cell cycle = broken brakes enhances tumor formation recessive mutation need mutation in both copies of the gene to have an topic 15 p53 a tumor-suppressor gene detects damaged DNA 2. rogrammed cell death occurs when genes are damaged cancer cells have mutation in other genes that prevent the damaged cells from being destroyed 3. limited life span cell can only divide 50-60 times telomeres protective pieces on tips of chromosomes end of telomeres shaved off with each cell division telomerase = enzyme that makes telomeres not present in normal cells is present in most cancer cells 4. Need for blood supply controls prevent new blood supply to tissue unless it is damaged cancer cells produce growth factors to attract new blood vessels blood vessels needed to contribute nutrients and remove waste also provides route for cancer cells to spread tops cell division initiates DNA repair if too oftentimes DNA damage p53 triggers programmed cell death Development of cancer need several mutations in same cell before cancer starts leukemia may be as few as 3 mutations colon cancer may need as many as 9 mutations EXAMPLE ONLY Development of colon cancer 1. Loss of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 5 a polyp forms on colon wall a benign, precancerous tumor grows 2. Activation of oncogene from chromosome 12 a class II adenoma (benign) forms) 3. Loss of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 18 a class III adenoma (benign) grows 4. loss of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 17 a carcinoma (malignant tumo r) forms 5. other changes ? cancer spreads to other tissues 16 5.Need for cell attachment normal cells must be anchored in place oncogenes produce proteins that break anchors but signal cell that it is anchored Immune System The bodys excuse system cells of the repellent system roam the body looking for cells they dont recognize as belonging cancer cells have changed and are not recognized as belonging if cells of the immune system encounter a cancer cell, they will be destroy it Factors that can cause cancer 1. carcinogens = chemicals that cause cancer cause mutations that lead to cancer many mutate p53 stimulate cell division (e. g. estrogen) inhibiting the immune system may be in surround, in regimen or drink, or inhaled at least 50 carcinogens some carcinogens are only carcinogenic after passing in the body 2. iruses consist of genetic information (usually DNA) inside a protein coat virus enters cell and uses emcee cell machinery to make new viruses viral DNA is inserted i nto host cell chromosome and is replicated with host cell DNA viral DNA is then a permanent part of host cell chromosome it has modify the cell into a cancer cell all daughter cells will have the viral genes viruses have oncogenes that produce proteins that stimulate cell division viral protein produced may be hyperactive in exhilarating cell division OR viral gene may direct human gene to produce too such(prenominal) of a protein that stimulates cell division result is a host cell that has been for good changed by virus so that it contains an oncogene that stimulates cell division 3. radiation interacts with DNA and causes mutation ultraviolet (uv) radiation from sun causes skin cancer ionizing radiation natural sources (cosmic rays, radioactive materials in earths crust) medical sources (x-ray exams) 17 Risk Factors 1. revious breast or other form of cancer Breast Cancer most breast lumps are benign (not cancerous) fibrocystic breasts fibroadenoma death rate from breast can cer has been declining due to early detection practice monthly self exam breast cancer usually begins in the ducts (80%) or the glands begins as lump or tumor lump is usually in upper outer quadrant staged by size of lump and how far it has spread it can metastasize break out of this site and spread to fatty tissue or other parts of body through lymphatic system or blood supply to determine whether cancer has spread they would look at scout nodes (first lymph nodes to which a tumor drains) 2. Gender females much more in all likelihood (men can get breast cancer) 3. get along chance of breast cancer goes up with age rises sharply after 40 4.Family history run a risk is 2X if first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) with breast cancer risk is 5X if 2 first-degree relatives with breast cancer may have inherited genes e. g. BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 these greatly increase chance of breast cancer BRCA 1 = a tumorsuppressor gene turns off another gene that blocks cell cycle 18 5. Horm one history prolonged, invariable exposure to estrogen increases risk estrogen stimulates cell division in breast if too much estrogen some believe it can lead to cancer some types of breast tumors are stimulated to grow by estrogen more menstrual cycles = more exposure to estrogen risk increased by a. early puberty before 11 b. late menopause after 55 c. not having children or delaying first pregnancy after 30 What about other sources of estrogen? irth control pills likely not hormone replacement after menopause slight environmental sources unknown certain pollutants imitate estrogen (pesticides, ingredients in plastics) electromagnetic fields can boost bodys production of estrogen 6. Obesity fat cells produce a substance that is converted to estrogen 7. Alcohol alcohol increases level of estrogen interferes with use of folate, which protects against tumor growth 19 Birth Control dominance rate = of couples out of every 100 using that means of contraceptive method for 1 year who do NOT become pregnant Failure Rate = of couples out of every 100 using that means of contraception for 1 year who DO become pregnant Typical Use = average person, use may be improper or inconsistent Vs.Perfect Use = proper and consistent use Effectiveness in Preventing STDs STDs spread by contact (direct contact is usually needed) Infected surface surface Un septic Effectiveness in Preventing Pregnancy Highly Effective 1. Sterilization (tubal ligation or vasectomy) prevent sperm from range egg 2. hormonal Contraception A. Estrogen and progesterone prevents egg development and ovulation 1. viva the pill 2. vaginal ring NuvaRing woman inserts the ring so that it encircles the cervix worn 3 calendar weeks, removed for the quaternary 3. skin patch OrthoEvra new patch once a week for 3 weeks 4th week no patch B. Progesterone-only contraception interferes with fertilization and implantation Types a. ral mini pill (not used much in US) b. implants c. injections C. touc h contraception ? dawn after pills? 1. Preven estrogen and progesterone 2. Plan B progesteroneonly first dose within 120 hours (5 days), second dose 12 hours later Decrease spread of STDs Certain means of contraception also prevent contact between body surfaces Condom male or female Diaphragm or cervical cap (some protection to woman) Increase spread of STDs Pill may increase womans risk of certain STDs Spermicides increase a womans risk of getting an STD from an infected partner change vaginal lining 20 3. IUD interferes with fertilization and/or implantation dislodges embryo 4.Diaphragm, cervical cap, FemCap, or Leas shield with spermicide covers cervix and prevents sperm from reaching egg 5. Condom prevents sperm from reaching egg 6. Vaginal sponge Moderately Effective 1. Spermicides kill sperm Foams are scoop out is used as only means of contraception May increase the risk of STD spread, particularly in women 2. Rhythm Method abstinence on all days that could result in sperm shock an egg Unreliable 1. Withdrawal (coitus interruptus) Does not work 1. Douching after intercourse 2. communication standing up or in some other position 3. Intercourse during menstruation (during your period) 4. Intercourse while breastfeeding tried methods 1.Sterilization permanent birth control Tubal ligation or vasectomy prevent the sperm from meeting the egg Should NOT be used if you or your partner may change your mind For male = vasectomy Close off vas deferens so sperm cant leave the males body Sperm reabsorbed Still ejaculate Simple operation No impression on masculinity No effect on sex life or sex drive Risks minimal Less than 1% of time tubes grow back together Occasionally a tiny bleeding in scrotum For women = tubal ligation = have tubes tied Close off oviducts (fallopian tubes) to a greater extent difficult procedure than a vasectomy because must enter the type AB cavity Does not cause menopause Will still menstruate No effect on sex drive 21 2. Hor monal Contraception A. Estrogen and progesterone prevents egg development and ovulation 1. oral the pill 2. aginal ring NuvaRing woman inserts the ring so that it encircles the cervix worn 3 weeks, removed for the 4th 3. skin patch OrthoEvra new patch once a week for 3 weeks 4th week no patch expect same risks as pill, but know most about birth control pill Contain estrogen and progesterone Estrogen & progesterone inhibit FSH and LH Without FSH the egg doesnt develop Without LH ovulation cannot occur Almost 100% effective if used properly If you miss more than one day, use another form of birth control positioning Effects Headaches Breast tenderness Weight gain Vaginal contagions are more common life-threatening Risks caused primarily by estrogen Circulatory System Problems rare but can be smutty A.Problems (1) High blood pressure (2) Increased tendency to form blood clots (1) High blood pressure Increases with time on pill Increases with womans age STOP SMOKING cigarette roll of tobacco also causes luxuriously blood pressure Blood pressure = pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls Created by beating of heart Pressure must be great enough to move blood around the body If too great = high blood pressure Problems caused by high blood pressure 1. strains the heart and blood vessels 2. can lead to an aneurysm (weak spot in arterial blood vessel wall balloons out can snatch up bleed to death internally 3. promotes atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in arteries) and arterial sclerosis (hardening of arteries) 4. amages kidneys can lead to kidney failure 22 (2) Increased tendency to form blood clots Danger is that a blood clot can break free and lodge in a small blood vessel, blocking blood flow B. Consequences (1) Increased risk of heart bang and pellet Heart attack = death of heart cells Stroke = death of nerve cells in brain Heart attack & stroke occur when blood flow to heart or brain is interrupted by Burst vessel Fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) B lood clot (2) increased risk of pulmonary embolism 2. Increased risk of urinary tract infections 3. Increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases A. Change in pH of vagina increased risk of chlamydia and gonorrhea B.Change in cervical structure exposes vulnerable cells C. HPV (human papilloma virus that causes genital warts) infection is more likely to result in cervical cancer Progesterone seems to activate HPV in cervical cells big is culture Non-contraceptive benefits of the pill Decreased risk of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) Decreased risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer Decreased risk of ectopic pregnancy Decreased risk of iron deficiency anaemia 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. Hormonal contraception (cont. ) B. Progesterone-only contraception interferes with fertilization and implantation Types a. oral mini pill (not used much in US) b. implants hormone containing rods implanted in upper arm c. njections DepoProvera injection every 3 months 99% effective in preventing p regnancy no protection against STDs 23 Mechanism of action of progesterone only a. Thickens cervical mucus b. Interferes with movement of sperm c. makes implantation more difficult because endometrium thin d. Sometimes blocks ovulation e. Makes the corpus luteum degenerate too quickly (removes the source of progesterone that maintains the endometrium) Side effects a. Menstrual cycle whirl Periods irregular More days of light bleeding Missed periods b. Weight gain c. breast tenderness d. bone density decreases 2. Hormonal contraception (cont. ) C. Emergency contraception morning after pills 1. Preven estrogen and progesterone 2.Plan B progesteroneonly first dose within 72 hours, second dose 12 hours later Emergency contraception is thought to work by inhibiting or delaying ovulation preventing fertilization altering the endometrium, making it an inhospitable place for implantation of the young embryo used after an act of unprotected intercourse if pregnancy not desired risk of pr egnancy varies from 0 26 after a single act of intercourse depending on day of cycle morning after pill decreases the risk of pregnancy by 75% (e. g. from 26% to 6. 5%) does not restore the embryo is it has already implanted Side effects 1. nausea in 50-70% of women 22% vomit 2. menstrual cycle disturbance next period 2 3 days early or late 3.IUD (intrauterine device) interferes with fertilization and/or implantation dislodges embryo Small device placed inside the uterus by physician remains effective for 1, 3 or 7 years, depending on the type 24 Effectiveness 97% with progesterone 99% with copper Mechanism of action of IUD sees Sperm immobilizes sperm interferes with their movement Ovum speeds up movement to uterus Fertilization suppress Endometrium not properly developed for implantation FemCap 3 sizes, latex free, removal strap Prevents the sperm from reaching the egg must use with spermicidal cream or jelly Helps seal gaps Holds it in place pass oned chemical prote ction Must be fitted by a health care professional so seal is tight refit if weight changes by more than 10 lbs. Effectiveness 97-98% perfect use 81% typical use It is ? at the time? rotection In place not more than 2 3 hr before intercourse Left in place at least 6 8 hrs. after intercourse Offers the woman some protection against STDs Risks with diaphragm minimal 1. slight increase frequency of bladder infection 2. possible allergic reaction 3. toxic shock syndrome dont leave in place more than 24 hours or use when you have your period 1. 2. 3. 4. Disadvantages 1. if never had children, intro is painful 2. may have heavier menstrual flow & more cramps 3. body may defy it then not protected against pregnancy Risks 1. pelvic inflammatory disease primarily following insertion of the device can lead to sterility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy 2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy 4.Diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide covers cervix and prevents sperm from reachin g egg Soft rubber cup on flexible ring that fits over the cervix Leas shield one-size fits all reusable device 25 5. Condom prevents sperm from reaching egg A. Male condom Thin strong latex sheath that covers the penis and prevents sperm from reaching the egg Disadvantages Must be placed on an erect penis before contact with vagina Decreased champion Failures usually due to tearing if pulled on too tightly leave at tip if too little lubrication Penis should be withdrawn from vagina while still erect B. female condom Pouch of polyurethane with a flexible ring at each end Effectiveness in preventing pregnancy 74% typical use Effectiveness against STDs Little known Does provide a barrier Male condom still better 6.Vaginal sponge use put in place before intercourse (moisten first) leave in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse effective for 24 hours whole kit by 1. creating a barrier to sperm 2. trapping sperm in sponge 3. spermicide to kill sperm effectiveness about 83% less if you have had children Moderately Effective 1. Spermicides kill sperm Foams are best is used as only means of contraception Effectiveness in preventing pregnancy about 80% for 60 min. Increases a womans risk of getting an STD from an infected partner damages vaginal lining 26 2. Rhythm Method abstinence on all days that could result in sperm meeting an egg Egg Can be fertilized for about24 hr. after ovulation Ovulation ccurs 14+/days before the onset of flow Sperm Can live for at least 2 days within womans body Problem is predicting ovulation 2 days before it occurs Effectiveness about 75% Fertile period Subtract 14 days from cycle length Add 2 days on either side for uncertainty in time of ovulation Earliest fecund day = 2 days before earliest expected day of ovulation Latest fertile day = 1 day after the latest expected day of ovulation Works best if you avoid all days until at least 1 day after you know ovulation has occurred Ways of detecting ovulation 1. Body tempera ture Requires a special thermometer Must be done first thing in the morning When body temperature increases slenderly and stays up ovulation has probably occurred 2. cervical mucus cervical secretion is more wily and thinner at ovulation Unreliable 1. Withdrawal before ejaculation (coitus interruptus) Methods that DONT work 1. Douching after intercourse 2. Intercourse standing up or in some other position 3. Intercourse during menstruation (during your period) 4. Intercourse while breastfeeding 27Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Extremely jet 2/3 of cases in batch under age 25 More likely to affect women Women exposed greater surface area of mucous membrane during sexual contact Women less likely to know they are infected Infected area not easily seen Urethra less likely to be infected So less like to be pain Therefore, women more like to have sobering consequences. Spread by contact (direct contact is usually needed) Infected ? Uninfe cted surface surface mucous membranes are most vulnerable linings of Urethra Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes Vulva (external genitalia of woman) Mouth and throat Rectum Eyes Many STDs can enter through break in skin bacterium A bacterium is a single cell A bacterium can divide very rapidly producing two daughter cells results in very rapid (exponantial) growth of the population *Bacteria produce harmful chemicals = toxins (poisons) of enzymes these toxins kills or damage body cells the damage to body cells causes the symptoms of the disease Bacteria ? Toxin or Enzyme ? Damages / Kills Body Cells Bacteria divide rapidly ? More Cells? More Toxin (or enzyme) ? More damage to body. * Sometimes the damage or symptom is caused by the bodys defense mechanisms against the disease. Bacteria = cells with a slightly different structure than the cells found in your body Bacteria have a cell structures (called ribosomes) that have a sliightly different structure than human version Structural di fferences are important because they allow antibiotics to bactieria without cleanup spot host (your) cells. 28Antibiotics kill bacteria by preventing bacteria from making cell walls OR preventing bacteria from making complete proteins OR damaging the plasma membrane Bacteria can become disgusting to antibiotics by inactivating the antibiotic pumping the antibiotic out of cell devoloping the ability to function in spite of antibiotics Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a major health threat Antibiotic resistor Some bacteria are now resistant to every known antibiotic Bacteria get their guard from genes that demobilize the antibiotic Pump the antibiotic out of the cell Allow them to function in spite of antibiotic How do bacteria get these resistance genes? 1. They can get their own genes through mutation and filling a. mutation rate is high because rate of cell division is high hen antibiotics are used that are not strong enough or are not used long enough, the most resistant su rvive each time antibiotic taken improperly, the more resistant bacteria survive resistance builds b. the good bacteria? are killed by the antibiotic the resistant bacteria can disgorge faster than normal, healthful bacteria and cause illness 2. Bacteria can get resistance genes from other bacteria through plasmids that carry genes for resistance Plasmids a small circular piece of DNA (genetic materal) that contains a few genes not necessary for bacteria to live, but bacteria with them often have an advantage can be inserted into bacterial chromosome and come out as circular piece again Plasmids can be copied and a copy gived to another bacterium through sex then both bacteria have the genes on the plasmid. 29Certain plasmids (called R factors) have genes for resistance to antibiotics possible to have genes for 1 or 10 different antibiotics genes for resistance for one antibiotic can be added to a plasmid than has genes for resistance to other antibiotics leads to the development of bacteria that are resistance to many different antibiotics multi-drug resistance tends to happen in places where antibiotic use is heavy hospitals farm animals Resistance develops where antibiotics used most Hospitals Livestock Overuse and Misuse of antibiotics has led to resistance 1. Misuse for medical purposes Dont demand antibiotics for viral diseases they dont work on viruses Take the full course of your prescription medicine 2.Widespead use in livestock and agriculture Used in livestock to promote growth Resistance genes can spread from the animals to the bacteria that harm humans Cook meat throroughly (be sure meat juices dont come in contact with other food) Wash fruits and vegetables Avoid raw eggs Chlamydia and eruption Caused by different bacteria but have similar symptoms Both primarily affect mucous membranes Most detectable symptom if it occurs is pain during micturition This occurs if urethra is infected Urethra is more likely to infected in a male Therefore males more likely to have symptoms Often they dont cause symptoms Can still spread the cactiria to others Bacteria still damage reproductive structures 30Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Most common bacterial STD in US Highly transmitted Symptoms slow to appear, 3 weeks to months Men More likely to have symptoms than women throeful urination Discharge from urethra Women If urethra is infected Painful urination Discharge from urethra PID (chlamydia causes 50-90% of PID) Slight vaginal discharge Pain during intercourse ab pain & fever Chlamydia is the STD the most likely to cause scar tissue to form in the tubes that gametes move through Because of scar tissue Chlamydia is the STD most likely to cause sterility Chlamydia is the STD most likely to increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy The bacteria that cause chlamydia Must live within a cell because they cannot generate their own ATP They use the ATP that the host cell produces Energy in food ATP Energy for cell activities Ef fects on Fetus in Utero can cause membranes to rupture can cause death of fetus contracted during birth blindness pneumonia infection of mouth, throat, rectum Diagnosis body of water test for DNA for Chalmydia Swab cervix (women) or urethra (males) and culture cells Pap test (women) discourse Antibiotics Gonorrhea Caused by diplococcus bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae Symptoms Often none Men More likely to have symptoms than women Painful urination Discharge from urethra 31Women If urethra is infected Painful urination Discharge from urethra PID Slight vaginal discharge Pain during intercourse Abdominal pain & fever Acidity decreases if on pill or at menopause Effect on fetus Contracted during birth May cause blindness Diagnosis weewee test form DNA Swab cervix (women) or urethra (males) and culture cells Look for bacteria in cells Treatment Antibiotics New varieties are resistant to antibiotics Syphilis Cause = bacterium (Treponema pallidum) Requires a warm, moist environment Can invade any mucous membrane Usually in the genital area triplet Stages 1. Primary Stage 2-6 weeks after contact chancre forms may be small swelling or fertile lesion usually hard raised edges crater-like painless at site of contact heals by itself in 4-6 weeks diagnosing at this pint is by isolation of the bacterium from chancre 2.Secondary Stage 2-10 weeks after chancre appears Symptoms Rash- doesnt itch, ulcerates Ulcers in mucous membranes In mouth, vulva, vagina, rectum Warly growths around anus and genital organs Headache Body ache May have Sore throat Gastrointestinal upset Loss of hair Diagnosis at this stage Blood test that looks for antibodies (VDRL) 32 3. Tertiary Stage 8-25 years after initial contact almost any organ can be infected and develop lesions called a gumma most common sites of gummas 1. large arteries decrease diameter of arteria aneurysm weak spot in artery that balloons out 2. brain & spinal anesthesia cord sightlessness Deafness Paralysis Mental degene ration 3.Skeleton Effect of fetus Transferred across placenta Can cause deformities Can be fatal Treatment Early stages curables with antibiotics computer virus viruses have genetic material (usually DNA but some have RNA) and a protein coat (capsid) Structure of a typical virus Steps in Viral Life Cycle 1. Attachement Viral protein impounds to receptor on host cell 2. Penetration virus enters host cell 3. Biosynthesis viral genetic material replicated by using host cell ? machinery? new coat proteins made 4. Assembly newly synthesized viral compnents put together to form new viruses 5. Release called viral shedding or budding viruses leave cell with envelopes from host cell OR Viruses genetic information can be merged into host cell chromosome and stay there in hibernating(prenominal) form until it is re touch off Viruses can cause call damage as they are released (shed) 1.Rapid release cell can rupture and die 2. slow release cell damage and dearth occurs over long time period 3. Periodic release viruses can remain in certain body cells (e. g. nerve cells) for life they may be release from body cells periodically and enter new target cells. (herpes can remain in nerve cells be released epriodically and enter new epithelial cells damages the epithelial cells) 4. be integrated into host chromosome and stay there in dormant form until it is reactivated 33 Lytic Infection Persistent Infection Latent Infection Transformation to cancerous cell Rapid release of new viruses from infecded cell caused cell death.The symptoms of the disease depend on which cells are killed Slow release of new viruses causes cell to remain viable and continue to produce new viruses for a prolonged period of time. Delay between infection and symptoms. Virus is present in the cell without harming the cell. Symptoms beging when the virus begins actively replication and causes cell death when new viruses exit the cell. Certain viruses insert their genetic information into host c ell chromosomes. Some carry oncogenes (cancer cause genes) that are active in the host cell. Some disrupt the functioning of the host cells genes that regulate cell division, causing the cell to become cancerous. Viruses and Disease 1.Can cause cell damage as they leave the host cell the cell damage causes the symptoms 2. Can cause cancer when they insert themselves into host chromosome or by producing factors that affect the host genes that regulate cell division Genital Herpes Cause virus Herpes unidirectional -type 1 (HSV-1) usually associated with fever blisters + cold sores -type 2 (HSV-2) usually causes similar sores in genital area Symptoms (if there are symptoms) first may have a tingling or itching sensation (called the prodrome) 2-20 days after contact blisters of fluid filled sores 1st attack lasts about 3 wks (1wk-4wks) can use ointments to relieve the pain will go remote whether treated or not besides cause cancer hen they insert themselves into host chromosome o r by producing factors that affect the host genes that regulate cell division Viruses and Disease 34 Genital Warts in about half (50%) of people with herpes blisters reform periodically usually at times of stress because the virus moves the the sacral ganglia of the spinal cord not affected by the human immune system here can be reawakened + cause new sores -maybe 2x month or 1x in 10yrs -NO CURE Genital Herpes spread by contact of infected and uinfected surface no sex while blister present or during prodrome or for at least 10 days after blisters are gone use a condom at all timeseven when no blisters are present erpes can be spread to young if deliver vaginally while virus is present if infants infection is in liver and central nervous system-can be fatal Diagnosis Examination of sores Culture fluid from sores Blood test for antibodies in women-Pap test Treatment -Syptoms only Acyclovir (Zovirax)-reduce severity of first outbreak and reduce frequency of recurrences Human Papillo ma Virus (HPV) usually transmitted by sexual contact 50-70% of those who have sex with an infected person will get them more likely if on the pill or pregnant or uncircumsized appear 1-2 months after contact, maybe longer appearance of growth on dry areas- brownish on moist areas-pink they grow may cause foul-smelling discharge may itch -warts can be removed by 1. freezing 2. burning 3. laser 4. treated with a chemical (podophyllin) that is painted onleft 4 hrs. washed away warts fall off * virus may remain Diagnosis appearance of wart in women-Pap test can look for DNA of HPV inside cells 35 Genital Warts *ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF CERVICAL crabmeat -HPV found in 90% of women with cervical cancer There is now a vaccine against HPV and, therefore, against cervical cancer *ASSOCIATED WITH AND INCREASED RISK OF CANCER OF PENIS 36 BODY DEFENSES Innate Responses Nonspecific animal(prenominal) and Chemical Barriers Adaptive defense Specific defenses (directed at specific targe t) The immune system 1. Specific for particular encroacher (antigen) 2. Has memory for specific antigens previously encountered Lymphocyte encounters antigen Immune rejoinders have 1.Specificity Specific for particular invader (antigen) Antigen = a large molecule (not recognized as belonging in the body) that triggers an immune response Ex antigen can be on the surface of a bacterium or virus etc. can be a bacterial toxin Your body cells have markers (molecules) that label them as belonging in your body Each lymphocyte has receptors on its surface that recognize a specific antigen When that antigen is present, it causes that lymphocyte to divide many times effecter cells storehouse cells Effector cells attack specific target Memory cells remain and provide a quick response in subsequent exposure to same antigen Third line of defense Specific defenses (directed at specific target) The immune system Immune system is 1. specific for a particular ? invader? antigen) 2. has memory fo r specific antigen previously encountered Creates an army of lymphocytes specialized to attack that antigen These are called Effector cells 2. Memory have memory for specific antigen previously encountered Memory lymphocytes remain to cause a quick response the next time the same antigen is encountered 37 STEPS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE 1. Threat inappropriate cell or molecule enters body 2. Detection Macrophage detects invader engulfs invader digests invader 3. Alert Macrophage places a piece of consumed antigen on its plasma membrane attached to a self marker presents the antigen to a help T cell activates the helper T cell 4.Alarm Helper T Cell after activation by a macrophage, it divides, forming effector helper T cells and memory helper T cells turns on both lines of immune response to fight that specific antigen by activating B cells and T cells 5. Build specific defense (clonal selection) Lymphocyte encounters antigen Effector cells attack specific target Memory cells remain and provide a quick response in subsequent exposure to same antigen 6. Defense A. Antibody-mediated immune response Effector B cell = Plasma cell Plasma cells secrete antibodies Targets = antigens outside of cell or on surface of cell B. Cell-mediated immune response Effector T cell = cytotoxic T cell cytotoxic T cells kill foreign cells by causing them to push through Targets = cells bearing antigens (any cells recognized as foreign e. g. nfected cell, bacteria, cancer cell) 7. Continued surveillance memory cells remain 8. Withdrawal of forces After antigen has been destroyed suppressor T cells shut down the immune response Effector cells cells Memory 38 A. Antibody-mediated immune response Effector B cell = Plasma cell Plasma cells secrete antibodies Targets = antigens outside of cell or on surface of cell An antibody is a Y-shaped protein designed to recognize a specific antigen Antibodies help tolerate against a specific antigen Can only work against antigens that are free in bloo d Antibodies bind to the antigen Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells (effector B cells) Ways that Antibodies can Work 1.Neutralization bind to antigen prevent virus from being able to enter host cell inactivate toxin 2. Agglutination and precipitation -clumps invaders together makes it easier for other cells to engulf them 3. Activation of complement system complement (system) is a group of proteins that pokes holes causes invader to burst B. Cell-mediated immune response Effector T cell = cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cells kill foreign cells by causing them to burst Targets = cells bearing antigens (any cells recognized as foreign e. g. infected cell, bacteria, cancer cell) Cytotoxic T cells secrete proteins called perforins that poke holes in invader or foreign cells, causing them to burst 39Cells Involved In the Immune System Macrophage an antigen presenting cells engulfs and digests antigens places a piece of consumed antigen on its plasma membrane presents the antigen to a helper T cell activates the helper T cell B Cells T Cells Helper T Cell the on switch for both lines of immune response after activation by a macrophage, it divides, forming effector helper T cells and memory helper T cells activate B cells and T cells Cytotoxic T cell (effector T cell) responsible for cellmediated immune responses when activated by helper T cell, it divides to form effector cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells destroys cellular targets, such as virusinfected body cells, bacteria, fungi, arasites, and cancer cells Suppressor T cell the off switch for immune responses suppresses the activity of B cells and T cells after the foreign cell or molecule has been successfully destroyed involved in antibodymediated responses when activated by helper T cells, it divides to form plasma cells and memory cells Plasma Cell effector in antibodymediated response secretes antibodies specific to the invader Memory Cells responsible for memory of immune system generated by B cells or any type of T cell during an immune response enable quick and effectual response on subsequent exposures of the antigen may live for years 40 AIDS Acquired Immune wish Syndrome Caused by HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV infects T cells T cells become HIV factories being enters body Macrophage detects it HIV kills helper T cells so THIS doesnt happen Activates a helper T cell Stimulates division of cytotoxic T cells (attack foreign cells) As helper T cell add up drop, the body becomes increasingly susceptible to infection Stimulates B cells to form antibodies (destroys the infectious organism) 41

Owen’s ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ Essay

Writing in a similar style to Owens Dulce et Decorum Est, Siegfried Sassoon as well decided to attack figures of authority and those with no direct experience of entrench state of warfare via Base lucubrate.Base Details is entirely speculative. The word base in the epithet has cardinal distinct meanings. It could be used as a noun, to mean place, as in a centre of mental process or you could interpret the word as an adjective meaning morally low or unacceptable. Sassoon has used play on words in the title so that the reader may much adequately perceive the irony and sarcasm expressed in this verse form.The adjectives used in the first ii deciphers of Base Details reflect the authors perception of his superiorsIf I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,Id live with Scarlet Majors at the Base,The first line indicates that Sassoon is contemptuous of these officers. He has classed the Majors as unpleasant stereotypes, to be criticised and jeered at.In the following line, the word scarlet has a double meaning. On lay out value, it could be taken to mean that the officers have bright red cheeks. However, Sassoon has used the word as a metaphor, meaning that the Majors have been metaphorically splattered with the blood of the new-fangled men they had sent to the effort line to die. The stanza continuesAnd speed glum heroes up the line to death.Here, speed indicates haste. The Majors are unnecessarily hurry soldiers to their deaths. The soldiers are referred to as glum heroes because that is exactly what they are. Their country is expecting them to be noble, intrepid and courageous. Instead they are heartsick because they know that as soon as they are out of the trenches their grisly demise could come virtually at any second. All the hope, joy and energy that is a part of youth has vanished from these men. Sassoon then regales us with further speculation thusYoud see me with my tumescent petulant faceGuzzling and guzzling in the best hotel,The first thing we notice virtually these two lines is that Sassoon has used alliteration in order to make more of an impact on the reader, and to vary his writing style. Also worth noting is the item that Sassoon uses rhyme throughout Base Details to good and memorable effect.Saying that the Majors are puffy and petulant indicates incredulity on Sassoons part, similar to that conveyed in the first lines of the poesy. The phrase guzzling and gulp indicates greed, and animal- ilk actions. The Majors are inhuman. Then, we are told that the Majors stay in the best hotel. This brings home the stark seam between the lives of the soldiers in the vermin-infested trenches, and the sedentary lives of their superiors. Sassoon continuesReading the compile of Honour. Poor young chap,Id say. I used to know his father wellYes, weve broken heavily in this last scrap.The throw away of Honour referred to here was an official list of those who died in the war. The Majors words regarding one of t he decedent are not at all heartfelt. They are meaningless, detached and emotionally void. He is unconcerned and he has placed himself above feelings of pity for those lost and their families. Each new death is just another severalise on the register and another letter to be dispatched.In the last line of the stanza, the Major refers to trench warfare as a scrap or game, which is identical to Jessie Popes compute of war. This is a direct reflection of how little the Major knows about the fighting going on impertinent his quarters and similarly, how unequipped he is for his job of directing troops. Base Details closes with the followingAnd when the war is through and youth stone dead,Id toddle safely home and die in render.By using the words stone dead to describe the deceased soldiers, Sassoon makes a brutal and graphic photo on the reader. It is a cold and unfeeling phrase, and seems to render those who died as useless and unimportant.The Major wishes to die peacefully, and in bed unlike those he sends out to the front. The Major considers himself superior in all aspects, even in death.Base Details attempted to launch the ignorant public back in Britain the hypocritical attitudes of umteen of these Majors and how soldiers in the trenches were being treated in comparison to those who had obtained top jobs merely on the land of their public schooling.Whilst Base Details depicts the life of a typical Major serving during World struggle One, another of Sassoons poems, The Hero, depicts the sequence of events on the home front following the death of a soldier.The poem Base Details by Siegfried Sassoon is a sarcastic attack against the army generals who view the war as a game similar to checkers. It is therefore evidence of why Siegfried Sassoon is known as the verbalize of protest. The first noticeable thing about the text is the title. The word base is a wordplay for the fact that base means headquarters as well as dishonourable or cowardly, which im plies that he will talk about the dishonourable activities at the Army headquarters.Secondly, Sassoon appeared to have blamed the officers for the purposeless deaths of his ally men, mend they were behind the front line and had no idea what it was like.Sassoon uses many adjectives to describe his generalisation of those at the top fat and bald and short of breath which shows the hatred that he has.In this poem, Sassoon writes poor young chapI used to know his father well. This statement alone is typical of an army general. To show the fact that army generals can not comprehend what war is like he uses the phrase we lost heavily in this last scrap. The army generals are calling this a scrap like its a fight between boys at school. Sassoon calls the army generals Finally, Sassoon rounds the poem of with a phrase by reinforcing that they are unfit and fat. He also shows that those at the front line could die any irregular by state When the war is done and youth stone dead, Id toddl e safely home and die, in bed which is a good ending because it says that the generals will die in a nice sore peaceful place, while the soldiers will die among the rats.Sassoons feelings towards the officers are best described in the poem Base Details. In this poem, Sassoon shows his resentment towards the officers by describing them drinking in the best hotels, and reading the label of those who died, saying poor young chap I used to know his father well and saying yes, weve lost heavily in this last scrap. The poem is finished with the linesand when the war is done and youth stone dead,Id toddle safely home and die in bedThis poem truly shows the insolence and resentment Sassoon felt towards the officers. He felt that they didnt really care about those who died, because they were safe themselves and had no idea of what was going on at the front line calling the participation that was fought a scrap, like it was nothing more than a small fight. In the last two lines of the poem, Sassoons feelings are clearer than ever, the way he says that theyll toddle home and then die in bed shows that he thought that the officers were safe and living comfortably while the soldiers, who were actually fighting the war, were living in shocking conditions, where they would die at any moment.Sassoon uses many different ways to convey his feelings, and particularly his bitterness and resentment towards the war and the officers, but in all his poems, his true meanings are clear and he writes in such a way that shows us clearly what he thinks and feels about the war.BASE DETAILS testIn the poem, Base Details, SiegFried Sassoon expresses his extensive disgust towards the study in the military. He is horrified and disgust at the way the major league act while men are dying out in the battle field. Mr. Sassoon is so furious towards the big league that it takes more than just one word to describe how indignified Sassoon is. These great feelings of anger are derived from the fact that the majors are living a life of luxury while sending young men up the line out into the battle field. This is all suggested in the title of the poem with the word base suggesting a military base, and/or a base person. And the word exposit suggesting a command, an assignment, and something or someone lowly. Base Details is a poem which expresses the feelings of the author towards military majors using differentiable types of imagery.The poem begins by Sassoon describing the majors as demanding, mean, and belligerent men. Bald, out-of-shape and full of gluttony. Sassoon categorizes the majors downstairs the word scarlet signifying childless, bright redness from excessive drinking and yelling of anger. Sassoon presents to us the fact of the majors sending up the young men as soon as they are drafted up the line to death. This attitude taken from the majors is what angers Sassoon to the point of hatred.To convince the reader of such horrific truth, Sassoon describes how disrespectful the majors are with their puffy petulant faces from eating and drinking excessively. Sassoon states how the majors are stuffing their faces and Reading the Roll of Honor in safe luxurious hotels while men are dying out on the field